LONEITUTE THIAN
Loneitu Hriat Tur Puanchhuahna
Loneitu Hriat Tur Puanchhuahna
Botanical Name : Allium cepa Linn
English : Onion
Hindi : Pias
Mizo : Puran, Purun sen.
Introduction: India ram Tropical area ah kum 5000 lai purun hi an lo ching tawh thin a. Khawvelah India ramin purun hmun a nei zau ber a, thar tam lamah chuan pahnihna, China dawttu a ni. Thar hlawk lamah pawh China leh USA te a pha lo nasa. A thar hlawk dan chu hectare khat hmunah ton 16.40 (164.0 qtl/ha) a ni a, chu chuan khawvel puma purun thar hlawk lam average 19.9 t/ha (199 qtl/ha) a phak lo hle.
Mizoten onion hi purunsen kan ti maia, mahse a lo sen vek hauh lova. A var chite, a sen dukte, a sendangte, a engte pawh a awm a. Chuvangin onion hi purun sen tilovin ‘Purun’ ti mai ila a dik zawk awm mange te kan han ti hial a ni.
Purun hi kum engemaw zat chu hmun hrang hrangah kan lo ching tawh a, a chi tha hybrid te pawh kan la chhuak tawh thin. Tam tham emaw nasa tham chuan hma kan la ngai lo. Experience erawhchu kan nei nual tawh hlawm. Leileta hnathawk, Burma lama experience nei tawh an purun chindan erawhchu a chi pawh a theh a theh, phunsawn manglova a chi ankui a fielda ring ta maite an ni hlawm a. Chuvangin tuna kan sawi leh zirtir ang ngei hian chin tur a ni kan ti deuh kher thin. Kan sawi ang taka purun chi kui ten tihdan dang aia a tiah that bik thu leh a chi a hek loh bik dan min hrilh nual mai.
Sik leh Sa (Climate) :
Purun hi temperate ram (climate) ah an ching bera, amaherawhchu tropical leh sub-tropical climateah pawh an ching tho. Boruak lum vak lo leh vawt vak lo a ngeih bera; khaw lum lutuk leh vawt lutukte, ruahtui tam lutukte a tha lo. A kung (vegetative) thanlenna atan boruak 13 ℃ -14℃a tawk thung. Kum khat chhunga ruahtui mamawh zat chu 650 - 750mm a ni.
Leilung :
Eng ang leilungah pawh an ching vek maia, leime emaw balu lei ang chi (sandy soil) te, tlak lei (clay soil) lam deuhah te leh luikam tiau lei (silt loam) leh leitak nghet deuh (heavy soil) ah te an ching vek a. Duhthusamah chuan leidur, luikam tui lianin lei a chhek, tui inpaih hul tha thei si, mahse hnawng pawm thei, organic matter awm tamna lei a tha ber. Lei nghet lutuk (heavy soil) leh dur tha siloah purun bul a insiam tha theilova, a shape pawh a dik thei lo. A pH duh dan tak chu 6.0 - 7.5 a ni a, leithur lutuk leh al lutukte a tha lova, tui tlinna emaw tui inpaih that lohna (water logged) a tha lo. Hetiang hi nimahse, uluk taka leilung buatsaih chuan Zoram hmun tam takah tha takin purun a chin theih.
A chin hun :
Purun hi thlasik thlai (Rabi crop) a ngaih a ni a, hmun tam takah fur lai (Kharif season) ah pawh an ching thova, amaherawhchu chung ramah chuan keini ram angin ruahtui an dawng tam ve lo. Chuti chungin furah chuan an ching nasa lo. Keini ramah pawh fur laiin kan ching ve fo tawh a, a thar thei, mahse seng a buai thlak, a berh duha, tui a paitam a, dahthat rei theih a ni lo. Chuvangin thlasik (Rabi) lai a chin tur. A chi kui hun, phunsawn hun leh a seng hunte pawh hmun hrang hrangah a inang lo hlawm. A tlangpuiin a hnuaia tarlan ang hi zawm a tha.
Table - 1: Purun chin hun
Purun chi hrang (varieties):
India ramah pawh Institute hrang hrang leh organization hrang hrang te pawhin purun variety thar an tichhuak hlawm a, a vaiin sawiseng lo mah ila Directorate of Onion and Garlic Research (DOGR),ICAR, Rajgurunagar, (Pune); Indian Institute of Horticulture Research, Bangalore; Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi; National Horticulture Research and Development Foundation (NHRDF) Nashik leh State hrang hranga Agriculture University te an ni.
Purun sendang hi thlasika chin atan leh Mizoram ang atan pawh an recommend a, a dahthat rei theih zawk bawk. A hmalama kan sawitawh angin purun rawng dang a sendukte, a engte, a varte a la awm a, an dahthat rei theih vak loh. A tlangpuiin purun sen duk hi furah (Kharif season) an ching hlawm. Mizoram tana purun variety recommend te:
| Bhima Shakti | A sen/sen dang | 1) Fur hnuhnung lam (late kharif) | A tha, thla 5-6 | ||
| 2) Thlasik (Rabi) | |||||
| Bhima Kiran | Sendang | Thlasik (Rabi) | |||
| Agri found Light Red | Sendang | Fur hnuhnung ( late kharif) leh thlasik (Rabi) | |||
| Bhima Shweta | A var | Fur ( Kharif) | |||
| Thlasik (Rabi) |
Heng bakah pawh Hybrid te, variety dang Mizorama chin awm dang pawh a awm thovang.
* Purun sendang
(light red) chite
* Purun senduk
(Dark red) chite
* Purun var
(white) chite
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Bhima Kiran, Bhima Shakti, Arka Niketan, Agri found Light Red, NHRDF Red 2(L-355), etc.
Agri-found Dark Red, NHRDF- Red (L-28), Agri found Rose, Bhima Super, Bhima Raj, etc.
Bhima shweta, Bhima Shubra, Agri -found white, etc.
Source : Lalthanzuala
MSc.(Ag) ,Agro, PG Dip.Agmark
Thlai chin dan VOL.II
Department of Agriculture (Crop Husbandry)
Mizoram
Page No : 1 - 20
First Edition-2017
Purun chikui :
Uluk taka purun chi kui leh phunsawn hi a pawimawh hle. A theih hram chuan leithalai thlana, vawi engemaw zat lehnawna, dip taka lehphuta, huipawn tur a ni. Kan sawi ang thlapa titen purun chi a tiah that bik thu leh enkawl a nawm bik zia an report.
* Hectare khat hmuna phun tur kuina area
* Acre khat hmuna phun tur kuina area
* A thlura siam tur a ni a, thlur khat zau zawng
* A sei zawng
* Rihpawn san zawng
* A thlur (raised bed)inkar zau zawng
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0.05 Ha emaw 500 sq. metre
200 sq metre
1 metre
Mamawh dan a zir leh a rem ang zelin
10-15cm or 4-6 inches
30cm or 1 ft.
* Hlotur (Weedicide)
* Damdawia a chi bual (seed treatment)
* Thlai chi ngai zat (Seed rate)
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Pendimethalin 2-3 ml tui litre khata pawlhin hnim tiah hma emaw chawr hma leh thlai chi thlak hmaa kah tur. Hei hi a awm remchan loh chuan hlo tiah hmaa hman chi hlotur dang hman mai tur.
Thlai chi Kg 1(khat) atan Thiram 2gm a tawk. Trichoderma viride purun hmun hectare khat a zau thlai chi bual nana hman fungicide dang hman mai tur.
5-7 kgs hectare khat hmun atan. Acre khat a zau atan chuan kg 2-2.8 vel.
* Thlai chi thlak
Thlai chi kuina tur (bed) a thlura metre khat a zau kan siam ah khan avang tan zawngin inches 3 dan velah ngil taka rin khuar thliah thliah tur a nia. Hei hi thlai chi thlakna tur a ni. Hei hian hlothlawh, purun tiak pawh leh damdawi kahte a tiawlin a remchang bik. Purun chi chu chung lei rih khuarah chuan pan leh rual taka phul tur a ni a, chu chu leichung dip emaw, ranek dipin emaw vur theih a tha bawk. Chumi zawhah tam lotea tui pek a tha. Thenkhatin purun chi thlakna tur rih khuar hi an tizauvin an tithuk lutuk a, a tha lo, inch 1 vel a thuk nise a tawk.
* Purun tiak ven (Plant Protection) :
Leia awm purun hri ven nan purun tiak 0.2% metalaxyl a kah a thaa, rannung tereuhtete thrips laka vennan Fipronil 0.2% hmanga kah bawk tur. Kan hmuh remchan loh pawn mithiam rawn tur.
* Phunsawn :
Thlasik (Rabi) leh fur hunhnung (Late Kharif) a chin purun tiakte chu ni 45-50 a upa (DAS) an nihin phunsawn a huna, fur lai (Kharif) a chin tur purun tiakte erawhchu ni 35-40 a upa an nihin phunsawn a hun.
Purun hmun buatsaih :
Uluk taka lei lehphut tur a ni. A tlangpui thuin ft 5-7 (1.5-2.0M) a zau leh ft 13-20 (4-6m) aseiin purun phunna tur hmun an siama, hei hi a kuina (nursery) kan sawi ang bawka rih pawna a chung tha taka hrut rual tur a ni. Hetiang chiaha zau lo pawhin ft 4 a zau, inch 6 a pawng sang, ft 1.5 a kar awl awmin engemaw zat an siama, hei hi enkawl a awl zawk bawk, asei zawng erawh hi chu a remchan dan ang a ni lo thei lo. Hetia bed zim deuhva siam hian a tlar leh bi mumal takin siam a awlin a bi a kim duh zawk bawk. Fur laia purun ching tan phei chuan kan sawi hmasak zawk ang khian tih loh tur, tui a tling duha, chu chuan Anthracnose natna a ti pun lun theia, he natna hi fur laia purun natna hlauhawm ber a ni.
Purun tiak phunsawn :
A hma lamah purun tiak phunsawn hun chu thlasikah ni 45-50 upa a ni tih kan sawi tawha, phunsawn tur hi uluk taka thlan a ngai. Tha taka an nun theihnan purun tiak upa lutuk leh naupang lutuk hman loh tur. Purun tiakte chu phun dawnin azik lam hmun thum a then a hmun khat (1/3) paih(thuai) tur. Phun hlim leh a nun inkara natna hrik (fungus) laka veng turin a tiakte chu carbendazime tui 0.1% ah darkar 2 vel chiah tur. Purun phunna tur (bed) ah chuan avang tan zawngin ngil taka phun tur a ni a, a tlar leh tlar inkar hi inches 6 nise, a tlara a bi kar hi inches 4 vel ni bawk rawh se.
Leitha pek :
Purun hlawk taka thar reng thei tur leh leilung himna(soil health) ngaihtuahin leithate hi an mamawh chawhpawlh tawk
Tlangram terrace-ah pawh purun a tha duh hle
chiahin kan pe tur a ni. Thlasik leh fur hnuhnung (late kharif) a hectare 1 hmuna leitha pek dan tur chu tiang hi a ni.
* A hmun buatsaih laia leia leh pawlh tur
* Phun hnu ni 30 ah
* Phun hnu ni 45 ah
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Urea kg 53, DAP kg 87 leh MOP kg 100
Urea kg 76
Urea kg 76 bawk (N-110 kg, P2O5-40kg, K2O-60kg.
Tlang ramah nipui purun (long day type) kan chin chuan leitha pek uar deuh tur.
* A hmun buatsaih laia leia leh pawlh tur
* Phun hnu ni 30 ah
* Phun hnu ni 60 ah
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Urea kg 79, DAP kg 130, MOP kg 117
Urea kg 130
Urea kg 130 bawk P2O5-40kg, (Nkg 180, P2O5 kg 60, K20-70 kg.
Hlothlawh :
Tui leh leitha pek reng avangin purun hmun a hnim duh hle a, chu chuan a thar nasa takin a ti tlem thei. A thang chak lovin a kung a hniam a, zar a neih loh avangin a buk bawk lo nen, a zung a pawn langin a hnah hi adarhsarh sia thlai dang zawng aiin hnimin a dipna bik. Hlo thlawh nan hlo tiah hma leh chawr hmaa hman chi Oxyflurofen 23.5% EC tui litre 1 a ml 1.5-2.0 pawlhin emaw Pendimethalin 30 EC tui litre 1 a ml 3.5-4.0 pawlh a purun phun hma hret emaw phun rual vel emawa kah a, phun hnu ni 40-60 vela kuta thlawh leh tur a ni. Atul ang zelin hlo tur leh kuta thlawh hi chhun zawm leh tur a ni.
Tui pek :
Tui mamawh dan hi chin hun (season) a zirte, chinna leilung leh purun upat lam te pawhin azira, hei bakah chinna rama ruahtui tlak danin a zir bawk. Dan tlangpuiin phunsawn hun laite, phunsawn atanga nithum niahte, a hnu ni 7-10 danah te tui pek thin a tha. Heng pawh hi purun hmun lei hnawn leh hnawn loh dante, tuipek tur awm dan azirte pawh a ni bawk. Purun seng hun dawnah tui pek tihtawp tur, hei hi purun bul tawih loh nana tih a nia, a awmzia chu seng dawn ni 10-15 vel thleng tui pek tur tihna a ni.
Tui pek (irrigation) hi drip irrigation a nih a, fertilizer leh tui aruala pek anih chuan fertigation an ti. Nirogen pai leitha (urea ang hi) pek tur atangin purun phun laiin kg 40 pek tel tur a nia, a bang laawm chu hmun rukah inzata thenin ni 10 danah phunsawn leh a ahnu ni 60 inkarah pek tur a ni, hei vang hian purun thar a hlawk thei em em a ni.
Cropping System leh Crop Rotation :
Purun bul leh a zungte hi a pawnlan em avangin a chawm nana leitha kan pekte hi a eizo ngailova, lei hnuai lamah tuipek leh van ruahtui rualin a lut (tham ral) thina. Chungchu thlai zung sei zawk leh to thuk zawk (deep rooted) ten an ei ve thung thin. Chuvangin be kawm nei te nen purun hi chin chhawk thin atha. Hei hian thlai thar a tihlawka, lei a tithain a tihrisel bawk.
Purun seng :
Purun chawh emaw seng hun chu a hnah leh a par zatve emaw, za zela sawmnga (50%) a nguia a lo tluk hun hi a ni. Fur purunah erawhchuan a rawng lo dang deuh leh a bul size leh shape atangin purun seng (chawh) hun an en thin. Seng hunah pawh fur purun (kharif onion) chu a la duah viau thova, a kung leh hnah chu mautlawn emaw thingtuai ten an hrut tlu lui thin. A nih loh pawn phaizawlahte chuan barrel ruak an lum thina, a hnu ni 2-3 velah an cho thin.
Purun chawh sa te chu a hmunah ni 3 vel an hnutchhiah thin, fur purun tan chuan ni 10 lai te pawh a ngai thei. Chu chu alo rova a lo sawn theih nana tih a ni. Chumi hnuah a hnah emaw a kung (bul) chu inches 1 vela sang (sei) ah an thuaia, a bul chu daihlimah ni 10-15 vel an dah leh phawt thin.
Seng hma lutuk avangin a buk a zang duh hle a, a tawih duh bawka, chubakah purun a chawr duh thin. Seng tlai luat avangin purun bul a puak keh emaw a khi (split) duha, bolting a awm duh bawk, chutiang purun bul chu a vawn that theih meuh loh.
Purun phoro :
Purun phoro hi drying and curing an ti a, hriat chian a tha khawp mai. A tulna chu puruna tui (hnawng) awm tam lutuk tawih leh hri dang awmtir theitu ti ziaawm tura tih a ni.
Curing chu purun chawh tawh ni 3 vel nisa a an hnutchhiah hnua a hnah rote pawh an thuai zawha daihlima ni 10 vel an han dah leh lai lawk hi a ni a. Puruna tui emaw hnawng awm tiziaawm zel tur leh he mi chhunga a rawng lo insiam nana tih a ni. Purun chawhna hmuna ni 3 chhung vel an hnutchhiah hi a hnah a en thleng a dah a nia, a zik pawh alo sawngte thina, chu mi zawhah daihlimah boruak thawleng tha takah an dah leh thin. Daihlima dah hian a rawng a mawi duh a, a kawr a ro tha thin. Nisa a pho nat chu a sawn nasat lutuk bakah a kawr leh arawng tan duhthu a sam lo.
A hnah leh zik thuai :
Hei hi top cutting an ti maia, a hnah leh zik mai bakah a parfung pawh a huam ang. Tawi lutuk leh purun bul seta thuai emaw tan emaw a tha lo, chuti lo chu a chhungah hnawng lutin a tawih duh. Inch 1 emaw chu aia sei hreta thuai a tha. Chutichuan chhekinah pawh a him bik ang.
Purun chawr ven :
Purun chawr hi a ngaimawhawm khawp a, hralh pawh a har. Keini pawn kan hrethiam khawp hlawm ang. Damdawi hmanga ven hi an fak lova, Maleic hydrazide (MH) hman phei chu khap a ni. Purun chawr ven nana eng hman (irradiation) erawh chu India ramah phal a ni a, Nashik district ah hmun hniha gamma ray hmanga an enchhinna chu za a 20 (20%) hlawhtlingin thlasik purun chawr tur a veng a ni. Purun no lutuka chawh a chawr duh bawk avangin a than kin ngei a cho emaw seng turin kan inzirtir tur a ni.
Grading :
Grading chu purun tha leh itawm man man tak ni tura a tha lote hnawla a that dan indawta kan thliar hrang hi a ni maia. A that dan azira hming hran pawh peka, a man pawh chhiar to hleih a ni. A hmasain a tawihte, a chawrte leh a ro avanga chan emaw hloh a awm loh nan a hrisel tawklote, purun chhip chhah telh tulhte, chawh laia tawh palhte leh a phirte kan hnawl phawt tur a ni. Ramchhung atan chuan hlawm thum (grade) ah kan thena hetiang hian:
A Grade : 80mm dia. aia lian
B Grade : 50-80 mm dia. aia lian
C Grade : 30-50 mm dia. aia lian.
Grading hi kuta tih a ni bera. DOGR in khawl, kuta her emaw electric hmang an siama, kuta tih ngawt ai chuan a rangin a dik zawk bawk. Grade 5 a awm thung.
Government of India chuan purun export tur atan grade 3 a siama. A kimchang tarlang theilo mah ila hengte hi an ni.
Extra class
Class I
Class II
Purun dah that (storage) :
Purun chu chhekin thawleng tha taka saka dah tur a ni a, thlasik purun te chu thla 5-6 a vawn theiha, chutih laiin, fur purun chu thla 2-3 vel a vawn theih. Chhekina purun dahthat reitheih zawng hi a hun azirte, varietyte, a chawr duh dan a zirte,leitha leh tui pek dante, hri leh rannung in a beih dante, thlai seng hma leh hnua buaipui dante leh vawn that emaw chhekina dah laia khaw awm dan (environment) ten a zir hle. A tlangpui thuin purun sen dang (dal) ho hi a sendukte, a eng leh a varte ai hian a dahthat (kawl) rei theih zawk.
DOGR leh NHRDF ten purun dahthatna tur chhekin chi hrang hrang an duang chhuaka. A chhuat leh bangte thawleng tak tak, purun tlak lohna tawka awngin (purun leng lo tawk) an siam a. A zau zawng ft 4, a san zawng pawh ft 4, a sei zawng erawh chu a tul leh remchan dan ang a ni. In delh thuah vak lo se an ti a ni ber. A chung pawh a hul tur a ni a, tlemin a kang sang deuh bawk tur a ni. Entirnan chuan thlam leh vawkin ang deuh pawhin asawi theih awm e.
Purun zawrh leh hralh (marketing) :
Purun grade thlap, phoro leh then fai that ngei hralh atan kan ruahman tur a ni. Market Information System (Market Intelligence) lam pawh ngaihsaka, chutiang zulzui chuan chet a ngai thin. Marketing Channel tha ber chu achingtu ina consumer hnena a hralh nghal mai hi a ni (Producer to consumer). Amaherawhchu, purun zawrh leh hralh (marketing) ah hian midang (intermediaries or middlemen) te hi an tangkai hle maia, chung zingah Cooperative, NAFED,APMC te hi an langsar. India ram pumah purun hi chingin thar hlawm bawk mah ila Maharastra, Karnataka, Delhi, Gujarat leh Rajasthan stateah te hian purun marketing mumal taka kal pui a ni. Heng state ah hian Cooperatives leh NAFED an tangkaiin an phusa hle. Ram chhungah purun hralhna a chhiata, a man a tlakhniam lutuk changte hian NAFED hmel alo lang thin. State engemaw zatah an thlaitharte bazara zawrh leh hralh buaipuitu tur APMC (Agricultural Produce Market Committees) an din (siam). Heng hi Regulated Market an tihte chu a ni. Chung APMC (Regulated market) tena purun an hralh dan in ang lo ve tak tak te chu :
1) Open auction : Lasalgaon, Chakan, Pune
2) Undercover or Hatha System : Mumbai, Vashi, etc.
3) Tender System : Mysore, Bellary, Hubli, etc.
4) Open agreement system
Atlangpui thuin Rabi ah purun an ching tam a a thar pawh atama, a man pawh a tlawm thin. Grade A leh C te aiin Grade B, medium size hi hralh a kal ber. Tin, purun dah (pack) nan saiip emaw buara emaw plastic bag phui lo leh kaw siar suar an hmanga, bag khatah kg. 30-50 an dah ber.
Purun hi cold storage ah pawh an dah thina, cold storage chhung chu 0 ℃ avawt leh a hnawn lam pawh 65-70% (relative humidity) a ni. Hetianga dah hian thlaruk hnua a buk kiamna hi za a panga (5%) chauh a ni. Purun chawr hi a tha lova a buaithlak hle a, Gamma ray (Cobalt 60), 60 Gr hmangin purun chawr tur hneh takin a ven theih.
Processing :
Purun hi purun repro (dehydrated ), purun powder, purun vinegar, purun tui (juice beverage) purun zu (wine) siam nante an hmang. A tlangpuiin tiang hian purun size hrang hrang process atan an hmang.
1) Rep ro Dehydrated - Purun 90mm dia. aia liant te
2) Purun pickle - Purun 20-25mm dia.
3) Purun powder, vinegar - Purun size hrang hrang thenfai hnuah. (Juice beverage, hriak leh zu siam nan)
Export :
India ram ina purun kan export reng reng hi NAFED kal tlanga tih a ni a. Netherland dawtah India ram hi khawvela purun export tu ram lian ber a ni bawka, khawvel purun marketah India contribution hi 12% lai a ni. Purun chi hrang hrang zingah a senduk leh sendangte hi an export ber. India purun leitu ram (importer) te chu Malaysia, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Kuwait, Maldives, Mauritius, Nepal,Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Seychelles, Singapore, UAE, UK etc. te an ni. Purun export tura thil hriat leh zawm turte -
1. Gulf market leh South East Asian Market atan
2. Bangladesh ah
3 .European leh Japan ramah
4. Malaysia, Singapore and Gulframte
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4-6 cm dia. a sen duk leh sendang, mum tha tak leh ru tak (strong pungency)
3-4cm dia. a sendang mum tha tak
7-8 cm dia. a eng leh pawsen lam deuh leh mum tha deuh
Purun te deuh (Agrifound Rose leh Bangalore Rose) Karnataka leh Andra Pradesh state a an chinte leh Multiplier onion an tih mai Co4 leh Co5 te Tamil Nadu state a chinte a ni.
Thlai ven him (Plant Protection) :
Rannung leh natna ven hna hi purun chin leh marketing ah hian a pawimawh em em mai a. Purun tha taka thar turin uluk takin thlai ven hna hi thawh a ngai. Thlai natna lar zual leh rannung chimawmte tlem azawng kan tar lang anga. Chiang zawkin English section ah a awma, lehkhabu leh mithiam rawn tur an awma, an kaihhruainain purun ven hna hi thawh hram a tha.
A. Rannung:
1) Thrips: Thrips tabaci
Purun tiak phun hlim atanga ni 45 inkar vel he rannungin a beih chuan a hnah a kir emaw a chuar emaw a vial emaw thin. Purun lian leh puitlingah te pawh a hnah var a lo awm thluah thin. A nasat viau phei chuan a kung pum kha alo var vek thei.
He rannung (thrips) hi purun tichhetu lar leh hlauhawm ber a ni hial awm e. A tet em avangin mit lawnga hmuh pawh a har a, magnifying glass hmanga en a tha. Purun chingtuten magnifying glass tha deuh kawl reng a ngai.
A ven dan:
i) Purun phun hma thlakhat velah purun hmun sir zai zaiah a hualchhuakin Vaimim tlar (thlur) hnih lo chin lawk tur a ni. Rabi ah chuan thlur 1 zawk hi wheat pawh nise a pawilo, thrips-in purun hmun a rawn bei tur lo dangtu a ni.
ii) Thrips a lo tam deuh chuan insecticide a kah mai tur. Profenofos 0.1% emaw Fipronil 0.1% emaw Carbosulfan 0.2% a hman theih.
2) Eriophyid Mite:
Purun hnah rawn dawk chhuak mumal lovin a kir veka, purun hnah a engin a de (spot) thluah thluah bawk. A nasat viau phei chuan a kung (plant) pumpui kha a var chhuak vek thin.
B. Natna:
1) Purple bloch: Alternaria porri.
Purun natna chi hrang hrang zingah hei hi a pawimawh leh khawvel dengchhuak a ni a, thlasik aiin fur purunin a tuar nasa zawk. Purun bul leh a kung a bei thin.
A tirah chuan tereuhte, de zeuh zeuh (spot) a hnua a sen paw deuh leh inrin hual deuh a ni. A spot a hi alo len deuh chuan
Purun chawh sa te chu a hmunah ni 3 vel an hnutchhiah thin, fur purun tan chuan ni 10 lai te pawh a ngai thei. Chu chu alo rova a lo sawn theih nana tih a ni. Chumi hnuah a hnah emaw a kung (bul) chu inches 1 vela sang (sei) ah an thuaia, a bul chu daihlimah ni 10-15 vel an dah leh phawt thin.
Seng hma lutuk avangin a buk a zang duh hle a, a tawih duh bawka, chubakah purun a chawr duh thin. Seng tlai luat avangin purun bul a puak keh emaw a khi (split) duha, bolting a awm duh bawk, chutiang purun bul chu a vawn that theih meuh loh.
Purun phoro :
Purun phoro hi drying and curing an ti a, hriat chian a tha khawp mai. A tulna chu puruna tui (hnawng) awm tam lutuk tawih leh hri dang awmtir theitu ti ziaawm tura tih a ni.
Curing chu purun chawh tawh ni 3 vel nisa a an hnutchhiah hnua a hnah rote pawh an thuai zawha daihlima ni 10 vel an han dah leh lai lawk hi a ni a. Puruna tui emaw hnawng awm tiziaawm zel tur leh he mi chhunga a rawng lo insiam nana tih a ni. Purun chawhna hmuna ni 3 chhung vel an hnutchhiah hi a hnah a en thleng a dah a nia, a zik pawh alo sawngte thina, chu mi zawhah daihlimah boruak thawleng tha takah an dah leh thin. Daihlima dah hian a rawng a mawi duh a, a kawr a ro tha thin. Nisa a pho nat chu a sawn nasat lutuk bakah a kawr leh arawng tan duhthu a sam lo.
A hnah leh zik thuai :
Hei hi top cutting an ti maia, a hnah leh zik mai bakah a parfung pawh a huam ang. Tawi lutuk leh purun bul seta thuai emaw tan emaw a tha lo, chuti lo chu a chhungah hnawng lutin a tawih duh. Inch 1 emaw chu aia sei hreta thuai a tha. Chutichuan chhekinah pawh a him bik ang.A hualtu pawh hi alo zau ve hret hret zela, a hnah a kual chhuah chuan a lo thlep (tlu) zui thin. Hetiang val emaw durh ang deuh (lesion) hi purun hnah hram deuh zik atangin a lo awm tan thei bawk.
A ven dan:
Fungicide damdawiin a tiak phun hnu ni 30ah ni 10-15 inkar dana kah thin tur. A nih loh vek pawn natna lo lan veleh tiang tho hian kah tur. Damdawi hman turte chu : Mancozeb 0.25% emaw Tricyclazole 0.1% emaw Hexaconazole 0.1% emaw Propiconazole 0.1% emaw a hman theih.
2) Damping off:
Purun chi ah leh leiah a awmsa thei. Purun kuina hmunah leh kui lova theh maina hmunahte a hluar thin. Purun tiak hlimte chu leisehchinah emaw a aia thuk hretah emaw an tlu mai a, natnain a khawihte chu tawih leh lawng angin an awma, han hmet ila, a nemin a kawi mai thei bawk.
A ven dan:
i) Purunte chu a kuina tur (bed) kan sawi anga inches 6 vel a sanga rih pawn tur.
ii) Purun chite chu kui hmain Thiram emaw Captan 0.3% a bual (treat) tur.
iii ) Purun kuina tur lei chu Thiram emaw Captan emaw 0.2%, emaw Carbendazim 0.1% emaw Copper Oxychloride 0.3% a sawisak (drench) tur.
Purun natna lar dangte:
1.Anthracnose.
2. Irish Yellow Spot Virus (IYSV)
3.Onion Yellow Dwarf Virus (OYDV)
A chi hi a bul a ni. A chi tha leh mamawh tawk neih hi thlai thar hlawk turin a ngai thin. India hian ahmun a nei zauvin a thar tam ngiang maia, a thar hlawk lamah erawhchuan India ram hi a thleng sang lo hle. Thlaichi tha (improved varieties) awm lo hi kan thar hlawk lohna chhan lian ber a ni thin. Kan thlai chi a 54% vel hi sawrkar leh private farm (organised sector) te thar, a dang zawng chu farmer ten thlaichi chhuah dan tur ang thlap pawh ni lova an mahni thar leh intum a ni. Thlai chi tha a awm loh takah chuan mahni thar chu an ching lo thei lo, an thar hlawk loh phah bawk.
Thlai chi chhuah dan kawng (methods):
Purun chi chhuah dan kawng 2 te:
1. Seed to Seed method:
Purun chu an lo puitlinin an par tir mai a. Hetianga a chi chhuah hi a that leh that loh a sawi ngam loh. Purun hmel danglam, hrisello, a phir leh laimu ngah tak te pawh hnawl a ni lo. Chuvangin a quality a hniamin a hlir lova, a chi thar chhuah man pawh a sang lova, thlan a hlawh lo.
2. Bulb to seed method:
Purun bul puitling an seng zingah a size, shape, rawng leh thil danga variety awm dan tur phak lote an hnawl (rogue) a. Rabi leh late kharif variety ho chu thla 5-6 an dah (stored) tha a, kharif a mi erawhchu ni 15-30 vel. Seed to Seed method a chhuah purun chi aiin Bulb to Seed method purun chi a tha zawk.
A chi tur thlan leh damdawia bual.
A chi atan variety awm dan en a ni a (a shape, size, rawng leh thildang). Purun phir, ruh tha lo leh hrisel lo te hnawl a ni. A chhip hmun thuma thena hmun khat (1/3) an zaithla a, chu chu a laimu neih zat ennan leh a chawr hma nan an ti. Laimu thlante chu Carbendazim 1ml leh tui litre 1 (khat) pawlh a chiah (soak) tur.
Purun hmuna tihdan tur.
Purun chi tihlir lo thei (contaminants) leh chumi laka inthir fihlim (isolation distance) dan tur chu tiang hi a ni. A awmzia chu a chi kan chhuah tur hi a hlir tur a ni. Variety dang nena a inthlahpawlh ven nana a inhlat dan tawk tur a ni mai.
Table - 3: A tlem thei ang bera inhlat dan tur bithliah zat (metre)
| Purun variety dang hmun | ||||
| Variety thuhmun mahse certify atan tlak so loh chinna hmun | ||||
Table-4: Zawm ngei tur dang (specific requirement).
| Tehna ( Factor ) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Purun a variety nih dan tur ni phak lo | |||
* A chi siamna tura purun bul chinlaia inspection neih vawihnihnaa phalsak zat sang ber.
** A chi thar nan a par lai leh a hnu lama awm zat tur phalsak zat sang ber.
Field Inspection:
Purun hmun endik hi a pawimawh em avangin a chi chhuah nana purun bul tur chin hun (mother bulb production stage) leh a chi tak tak chhuah hun (seed production stage) ah hian purun chi tha thar thei turin endik a tul.
A. Mother bulb production stage:
Hetih hun hian vawi 2(hnih) tal endik tur.
1) Vawi khatna chu purun tiak phunsawn hnuah variety dang emaw variety thuhmun pawh nise hlir vak lo chinna hmun atanga a hlat dan (isolation distance ) ente, purun chi dang leh duhthusam vaklo awm leh awm loh fiah tur a ni.
2) Vawi hnihna chu purun chawhhnuah kan thar tum tak purun a nih leh nih loh en tur a ni.
B. Seed Production Stage:
Hei hi a par atanga a chi chhuah tura chin hi a ni. A lo berah vawi li (4) tal endik tur a ni.
1) Vawikhatna chu purun par hmain isolation distance leh purun chi dang leh duhthusam lo leh tul dang en turin.
2) Vawi hnihna leh vawi thumna chu purun par laiin isolation, purun hmeldang leh thil tul dang en turin.
3) Vawi lina chu purun puitlin hnuah purun nihphung tak tak hre thei turin, a par awm dan leh thil tul dang.
Sik leh sa:
Purun par hi thermo-sensitive a ni a, chu chu a par hun lai hian boruak lum leh vawh lam hi a pawimawh hle a ni. Chhun lam boruak 25 ℃ leh zan lam pawh 10 ℃-15 ℃ nise a tawk. Chi chhuah turin October-November thlaa phun hi a tha. Chutiang bawkin phun hmain purun bul chu ni 10 vel temp 10 ℃ ah dah tur, chu chu cold treatment an ti.
Phun dan :
A thlur a phun a tha ber, chu chu ridge (rih pawn) ah nise. A inkar rih khuar zel ni bawk se (ridge & furrow method). A tlar leh tlar 45cm (ft. 1 ½) leh a tlarah 30 cm. (1ft) a inhlatin purun bul chu phun tur a ni. A tlar karah hian drip irrigation a tuipek tur a nih chuan pipe kaltir tur a ni.
Leitha pek :
A tam thei ang FYM pek a tha. NPK chu hectare khat atan 100:50:50 kg. a tawk a, 50:50:50 kg. chu phun hun laiin pek a,Nitrogen la bang chu in zaha semin phun hnu ni 30 ah leh ni 45-60 ah pek leh tur. Polyfeed 1% (19:19:19 NPK) in phun hnu ni 30 leh 60 ah kah nise, ni 60 naah multi K (0:0:50) in tum khat kah leh bawk nise.
Roguing :
Purun hmun chu tlawh fo tur a ni. Purun hnah leh par hmel danglam pu a piang paih zel tur a ni a, a kuhmum pawh a parh hmain hmel danglam, a sang bik leh hniam bik te pawh paih tur. Natna kai hmel pu pawh paih tur.
Hlo thlawh :
Fai taka purun hmun enkawl tur. Hlotur hlo tiahhmaa hman chi hman a thaa, purun tiak phun hnu ni 45-60 velah kuta thlawh tur. A bak chu a tul ang zel nise.
Purun chi khawn :
Ni saah purun parte chu phoro tur a nia, a hnuah khawn emaw nuai tur. A chi chu hnawng 6% vel chauh a pai thlenga phovin dahthat tur
Thlai chi thar hlawk dan :
A tlangpui in hectare khat hmunah kg. 500-800 vel a thar thei. Uluk taka enkawl leh thar hlawk zual chu kg. 1200 thleng a thar thei.
Thlai chi fun leh dah that :
Hnawng 6% aia hniam leh tlem pai chin chu hnawng lut lo (vapour proof) bawmah khung theih a ni a, 8% aia hniam erawh chu puana tuam theih a ni. Purun chi chu Captan (2g/kg) in bual tur. Hun rei deuh hlek dahthat theih nan 15 ℃ a vawt leh 30-40% (RH) a hnawnga vawn tur. Hei hi a chi a nun rei theihnana tih a ni.
Seed Standard :
Indian minimum Seed Certification Standard angin Foundation Seed leh Certified Seed te chu tiang hi an tling tur a ni.
Table-5: Foundation Seed leh Certified Seed Standard:
